ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease is a contagious respiratory ailment that has spread significantly around the world. Most cases of COVID-19 are spread from person to person by coming into contact with respiratory droplets that are released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. In this manuscript, we have highlighted the possible transmission of COVID-19 through food, water, air and paper. In the case of food, we have extensively covered the transmission of COVID-19 through meat, frozen foods, food packaging and food market along with the incidences worldwide. In the nextsection, we have highlighted the different components of air which are responsible for the transmission and also covered its relation with PM 2.5 incidence. The SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from sewage water/wastewater of various countries namely the United States, India, Australia, Netherlands and France signifying that wastewater can be a mode of virus transmission. The paper circulation by the infected COVID-19 patients can also be a virus conveyance route. It can be concluded that SARS-CoV-2 can therefore be transmitted indirectly through food via the workers involved in food packing or food marts.By following general safety precautions (wearing masks, using hand sanitisers, cleaning and disinfecting contact surfaces, and avoiding close contact), heating and using chemicals like ethanol (67-71%), sodium hypochlorite (0.1%) and hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) on environmental surfaces, along with vaccination, it is possible to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.Copyright © 2023 The International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences (IJPRAS).
ABSTRACT
Background: The use of antimicrobials has been expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to assess the knowledge and practices of disinfectants and sanitizers use among Jordanian people during the (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional descriptive questionnaire was distributed across Jordan between August and September 2020. The questionnaire consisted of three sections inquiring about demographics and general characteristics of the surveyed sample, evaluating the respondents' knowledge about disinfectants, as well as respondents' practices. The questionnaire was completed by 403 literate adult respondents. Results: Our results indicate that Jordanian adults have used disinfectants increasingly during the COVID-19 outbreak. Knowledge of our study sample was considerably affected by gender (p=0.044), income (p=0.001), and profession (p<0.001). 80.8% of those participants reported skin-related side effects due to disinfectant use during the pandemic. The most used disinfectants were ethanol, followed by soap and water. Generally, study respondents showed positive practices toward the use of disinfectants during the time of the pandemic with few high-risk practices reported. Interestingly, the positive practices applied by Jordanian adults were minimally and not significantly affected by the knowledge about antimicrobials' safe and effective use. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for a structured effort to increase public awareness regarding the safe and effective use of disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 transmission. © 2023 DSR Publishers/The University of Jordan.
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Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a transmissible illness produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has now quickly expanded since its outbreak in Wuhan City of Hubei region of China to the other parts of the world. In accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the spread of COVID-19 emerges typically hu-man-to-humans through respiratory droplets within an area of 1-2 meters. Aims and Objective: In the present perspective, we have discussed some of the measures taken to pre-vent and treat the patients suffering from COVID-19, and how to restrict further spread of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2. Result(s): The general clinical properties are fever, cough, sore throat, headache, tiredness, myalgia and difficulty in breathing. Presently no approved treatments for COVID-19, as of now, no pharmaceutical products have been revealed to be harmless and efficient for the management of COVID-19. Various anti-viral medicines e.g. ribavirin, lopinavir, and ritonavir have been utilized supported on the familiar-ity with SARS and MERS. Many drugs and vaccines are currently being studied in clinical trials, jointly (Solidarity trial) co-sponsored by the WHO. Conclusion(s): The use of a mask by fit people in community areas to guard against respiratory viral disease is presently recommended by WHO. Patients must be kept in individual rooms, the rooms, surfaces and equipment should go through standard sanitization, possibly with sodium hypochlorite. Conse-quently, apart from restricting this epidemic, efforts should be made to plan wide-ranging procedures to thwart potential outbreaks of the zoonotic sources.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
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Covid 19 is a pandemic disease spread almost in the whole world. To date, no medical advancement to curb the virus. Coronavirus is an enveloped virus transmitted from the biological and non-biological surface by direct or indirect contact. Limited literature revealed that the enveloped virus can be killed by disinfectants. There are many biocidal agents used for decontamination of the virus, yet they have many issues like toxicity, killing time, activation requirement, etc. Some are specific to the inanimate surface but not used by a human being. This current situation showed an urgent need for a biocidal agent which can act on biological as well as non-biological surfaces without any potential toxicity. Moreover, it should be easy to handle, inexpensive, and safe for the environment. Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid that acts as a powerful disinfectant and shows biocidal efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms. Hypochlorous acid is simple to use, inexpensive, eco-friendly, non-toxic, and stable. The properties of HOCl can be regulated at the site of preparation and therefore, its compliance is high. Hypochlorous acid seems to be a promising agent in disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. Due to its diverse biocidal actions, it may be used as a potent disinfectant against novel coronavirus.Copyright © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
In the face of massive numbers of casualties returning to the UK in World War 1, health services were rapidly reorganized under the leadership of Sir Alfred Keogh. Hundreds of military hospitals were set up. Sir Alfred personally asked two women doctors, both militant suffragettes and members of the British Women's Social and Political Union, to set up and run a hospital in London. This remarkable hospital was to pioneer new antiseptic treatments for wounds. Endell Street Military Hospital was set up in 1915 by doctors Flora Murray and Louisa Garrett Anderson. The hospital was staffed and run solely by women, treating 26 000 patients in 520 beds over the course of the war. One of their most heroic contributions was to the care of wounds in injured soldiers returning from France. Throughout the war wound infections led to the deaths of thousands of soldiers and contributed to significant morbidity such as limb loss in countless others. In 1916 James Rutherford Morrison, Professor of Surgery in Durham, invented bismuth iodoform paste (BIPP) for the treatment of wound infections. The paste has significant antimicrobial properties. The Endell Street doctors contacted Morrison in June 1916 and started using his formulation on injured patients. By early 1917 they had treated > 400 patients with gunshot wounds, compound fractures, septic wounds, through-and-through wounds and foreign body wounds with BIPP, reporting their findings in The Lancet (Garrett Anderson L, Chambers H. The treatment of septic wounds with bismuth-iodoform-paraffin paste. Lancet 1917;189: 331-3). They reported no cases of tetanus or gas gangrene and were able to explain side-effects such as iodine and bismuth poisoning, why it occurred and how it could be avoided. BIPP has been in use constantly since 1916, and is still used today in ear, nose and throat departments, especially for packing nasal cavities. By changing from the traditional eusol (sodium hypochlorite solution) to BIPP Drs Murray and Anderson reduced dressing changes from daily to once every 7-14 days, saving staff time, costs and hugely improving outcomes. These women doctors saved hundreds of lives and pioneered wound treatments that are still used today. Both were awarded the CBE for their services, but sadly the hospital staff were sacked at the end of the war, when the hospital closed. This form of pioneering work, conducted under great strain with limited resources is still to be seen today in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Introduction: The purpose of the current case is to give a detail description on an incidence of a traumatized upper left central incisor with symptomatic periapical periodontitis which was root treated. Descriptions: The apical portion of the tooth had a large apical lesion with external root resorption that end up with an open apex due to the loss of tooth cementum, dentine and adjacent hard tissue. The tooth was endodontically retreated, and the apical region was treated surgically with apical curettage and retrograde Mineral Trioxide Aggregate filling (MTA). Result(s): The affected tooth was considered successful both functionally and aesthetically during a 12-month follow-up. Conclusion(s): Apicoectomy and retrograde filling with MTA is a viable option in case of treating traumatized tooth with large peri-apical lesion and open apex.Copyright © 2023 Japan University of Health Sciences & Japan International Cultural Exchange Foundation.
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BACKGROUND: There are over 20,000 individuals imprisoned by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) daily, with nearly half a million detained annually. Numerous reports have documented human rights abuses in immigration detention, yet little is known about its health impacts. METHODS: From July 2020 - February 2021, we conducted a qualitative study of adults who had been detained by ICE in New York and New Jersey and who were clients of local legal and community-based organizations. Eligibility included: release from immigration detention in the past two years, detained for >30 days. Two interviewers conducted anonymous, individual, semi-structured interviews in English or Spanish. Interviews explored participants' experiences trying tomeet physical and mental health needs while in detention. We continued interviews until reaching thematic saturation and conducted analysis concurrently using a modified grounded theory approach. RESULTS: Of 16 participants, 13 identified as men, 5 as LGBTQ, and 4 as Black;they were from 9 countries and had spent a median of 11 months in detention. Four themes emerged from our analysis: (1) Participants attributed new medical problems or worsening of chronic conditions to inhumane treatment and poor physical conditions: “They detected I had high blood sugar and cholesterol level, but that's due to the food they give you there.” (2) Structural barriers prevented access to needed care and led to delays in medical attention: “You could literally be dying in there and it's like they need to see you dead in order for them to get you help.” (3) A pervasive sense of injustice exacerbated emotional distress. Participants felt detention was designed to break one down: “It harms you morally, psychologically, physically, what immigration officials do to you. if you didn't commit a crime that put others at risk why do they detain you there?” (4)Worsening conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic worsened isolation and desperation;participants feared for their lives as COVID-19 spread in their facilities and they remained unprotected: “They didn't come and ask people, ?Hey, do you feel any symptoms? Are you okay, do you want to get tested?' There was no proper tools given like hand sanitizer, Clorox. no measurements being taken, masks given out or gloves given out? we barely had toilet paper and soap.” CONCLUSIONS: These interviews demonstrate how structural features of immigration detention erode health while creating barriers to accessing needed medical care. Underlying the participants' experiences of the immigration detention enterprise is a sense of arbitrariness and injustice that further contributes to its psychological toll. Clinicians caring for immigrant communities must be cognizant of these health impacts. As COVID-19 continues to disproportionately affect incarcerated individuals, community-based alternatives to immigration detention should be urgently prioritized.
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Background and Aim: Concerned by the alarming levels of spread and severity, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic. The disease has spread worldwide and there have been 65.8 million reported cases and 1.5 million deaths as of insert date. Dental professionals and patients may be exposed to pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses that may infect the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction of the salivary viral load using oral antiseptic mouthwashes in patients testing positive for COVID-19. Methods: Sixty-three individuals were recruited after testing positive for COVID-19 by real-time RT-PCR assay and divided into five groups. Group 1 received sterile water, group 2 received 1.5% hydrogen peroxide solution (HP), group 3 received 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), group 4 received 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO), and group 5 received sequential rinses using CHX and HP. After collecting the initial saliva sample, individuals were asked to use the designated mouthwash for 1 min. Additional saliva samples were collected immediately after rinsing, 15 and 30 min after rinsing. Real-time RT-PCR assays for RNA detection of SARS-CoV-2 were performed on the saliva samples. Results: Compared to the baseline values, there was a significant reduction in the number of copies of SARS-Cov-2 after 30 min in Group 2, and immediately after the initial mouthwash in Group 4. There were no significant differences among the experimental groups and the control group in any period. Conclusions: Although the mouthwashes containing 0.1% NaClO or 1.5% HP reduced the viral load compared to the baseline values, there were no significant differences compared to the control group.
ABSTRACT
Background. Patients with hand eczema account for 30–40% of dermatological patients. With the pandemic of new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the need for frequent antiseptics use, there has been a steady increase in hand eczema incidence. The dominant symptoms in exacerbating eczema are skin inflammation and itching, which requires effective and safe skincare that is effective and safe. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of the therapy with synthetic tannin and polidocanol-based agents and modern emollients, the time of resolution and degree of severity of clinical symptoms of eczema in patients, as well as the time and duration of remission, safety and compliance with sodium hypochlorite hand antiseptic spray. Materials and methods. Thirty-four patients with exacerbation of hand eczema were examined. The study was conducted in two stages. At the stage 1, before the remission, the patients received synthetic tannin and polidocanol-based agents and modern emollients;at the stage 2, monotherapy with modern emollients was used. Patients used sodium hypochlorite spray as a hand sanitizer throughout the study period. Results. The NESCI score became zero in 33 (96%) patients after the complex treatment of hand eczema. The Dermatology Life Quality Index by the end of stage 2 decreased 6-fold compared to the beginning of the study. No exacerbation of the dermatosis was observed in any of the patients included in the study during the use of sodium hypochlorite hand spray. Conclusion. The complex therapy with synthetic tannin, polidocanol-based agents, and modern emollients in hand eczema helps to achieve stable medical remission, decreases the itching intensity, and improves the patients’ quality of life. The use of new hand sanitizers during the pandemic in patients with hand eczema did not result in dermatosis exacerbations.